Koffi kouakou biography of christopher columbus
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AFRO-MODERNISM
ORWELL GOT IT WRONG—it’s not 1984 but 1992 that will give us a Europe reunited on a scale last seen in the time of the Roman Empire. Those worrying over the possibility of act II in a play of world imperialism may be heartened to remember that when the Romans built their roads, they had no idea that those very avenues of commerce and command would accelerate the spread of Christianity, a revolutionary force within their midst. Similarly, could the vaporizing of Europe’s borders next year usher in an age of transnational popular art and music, undermining claimed cultural superiorities? Pouring Kongo, Dahomey, and Yorubaland into Portuguese America, for example, brought into being the subversive pleasures called Brazilian popular culture, especially forró and samba.1 What happens when the more than 1½ million Africans and black Antilleans in Paris, the hundreds of thousands of black Caribbeans in London, the thousands of blacks, respectively from Central Africa and Suriname, in Lisbon and Amsterdam, and so on, are free to wander where they will across the old centers of colonial domination?
However, at the dawn of what we hope will be a culturally democratic world, we are called, out of our name, post-Modern. Can an oxymor
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Abstract
Introduction
Targeted spontaneous reporting (TSR) is a pharmacovigilance method that can enhance reporting of adverse drug reactions related to antiretroviral therapy (ART). Minimal data exist on the needs or capacity of facilities to conduct TSR.
Objectives
Using data from the International epidemiologic Databases to Evaluate AIDS (IeDEA) Consortium, the present study had two objectives: (1) to develop a list of facility characteristics that could constitute key assets in the conduct of TSR; (2) to use this list as a starting point to describe the existing capacity of IeDEA-participating facilities to conduct pharmacovigilance through TSR.
Methods
We generated our facility characteristics list using an iterative approach, through a review of relevant World Health Organization (WHO) and Uppsala Monitoring Centre documents focused on pharmacovigilance activities related to HIV and ART and consultation with expert stakeholders. IeDEA facility data were drawn from a 2009/2010 IeDEA site assessment that included reported characteristics of adult and pediatric HIV care programs, including outreach, staffing, laboratory capacity, adverse event monitoring, and non-HIV care.
Results
A total of 137 facilities were included: East Africa (43); Asia–Pacific (28); West Afr
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